Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Answers to the most Frequently Asked Questions about Paternity DNA Testing and other types of DNA Identity Testing have been organized by category below. If you can’t find the answer to your question(s) please contact us by completing our additional information form located on the Contact Us page of this website or by calling 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) and speaking to one of our customer service representatives.
General Questions Family Studies Twin Studies Newborn/Prenatal
Immigration Paternity Estate Settlement DNA Identification
DNA Testing General Questions (back to top)

Family Studies Frequently Asked Questions (back to top)

Twin Studies Frequently Asked Questions (back to top)

Newborn/Prenatal Testing Frequently Asked Questions (back to top)

Immigration Testing Frequently Asked Questions (back to top)

Paternity Testing Frequently Asked Questions (back to top)

Estate Settlement Frequently Asked Questions (back to top)

DNA Identification & Preservation Frequently Asked Questions (back to top)

DNA Testing General Questions

What is DNA? (back to top)

DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid and is the genetic material that is found in the nucleus in most cells in the human body (nuclear DNA). DNA is also found in the energy-producing mitochondria of a cell (mitochondrial DNA).

Nuclear DNA is inherited in equal portions from a person’s mother and father. Therefore, each person shares 50% of their DNA with their mother and 50% with their father. Full biological siblings also share DNA with each other. To a lesser degree, individuals also share DNA with other relatives such as aunts, uncles, cousins, etc.

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally. Therefore, every child (male or female) of a particular woman has an exact copy of his/her mother’s mitochondrial DNA.

DNA on the Y-chromosome (present in males only) is inherited paternally. Therefore, all males who share the same paternal lineage would be expected to have the same Y-DNA profile.

How do people use DNA Testing services? (back to top)

Some of the ways people are using our services right now include:

• Positively identifying the father of a child so child support can be collected
• Giving a child the emotional support of knowing his/her father
• Helping people verify the parents of a child they want to adopt
•Helping to ensureestates go to true heirs
• Helping immigration authorities reunite families
• Satisfying curiosities about family relationships
• Providing a graphic representation of your DNA pattern and a DNA ID Card for security
• Determining whether twins are fraternal or identical
• Helping grandparents identify their grandchildren

Are there different test for different uses? (back to top)

There are tests that are legally admissible in court and there are self-collected or home tests that are not admissible in court. The “sample collection,” “lab processing” and “PhD analysis” are exactly the same. The difference between the tests is that the legally admissible test is AABB approved and requires an impartial third party witness to the collection and chain of custody procedures.

How are the samples collected? (back to top)

The inside of the cheek of each person being tested is gently wiped with a soft cotton swab. Because almost every cell in a person’s body contains his or her unique DNA, swabbing a cheek is a safe, easy way to collect the sample. Each sample is then sealed in its own envelope, labeled for identification purposes and sent to our lab for processing.

How reliable are the results? (back to top)

Our highly accurate DNA paternity testing procedures and technology virtually eliminate the chance of false negatives or false positives due to random chance, racial similarities, or a non-paternal blood-relative relationship.

We can deliver accurate conclusive results even in difficult cases, such as those involving incest or where the alleged fathers are related to each other – providing evidence that can quickly streamline court proceedings and facilitate pretrial settlements. If required, Peace of Mind can also offer skilled expert witnesses to provide depositions and expert testimony in court.

What accreditations does Peace of Mind’s laboratory have? (back to top)

Peace of Mind’s laboratory is certified and accredited by:

• American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)
• New York State Department of Health
• American Society for Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics (ASHI)
• Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)
• Standards Council of Canada

What DNA testing services do you offer? (back to top)

Our services include:

• Ready-To-Know ® Home Sampling Kit
• Self-Collected, At-Home Paternity
• Legal Paternity
• Prenatal Paternity
• Maternity/ Paternity for adoption cases
• Immigration
• Estate Settlement
• Family/Sibling Relationship
• Twin Studies
• Personal Identification & Security

Family Studies Frequently Asked Questions

What is a “sibship” or siblingship” test? (back to top)

A DNA identity test designed to determine whether two people have biological parents in common is known as a sibship or siblingship test.

How do half siblings differ from full siblings? (back to top)

Individuals are full siblings when they have the same biological parents, or half siblings when they share one biological parent, either a mother or a father.

Who needs to be tested in order to establish whether or not two people are siblings? (back to top)

At a minimum, both assumed siblings must provide a sample. We also recommend that one or more of the parents, such as the mother, provide a sample for analysis. If the parents are not available, samples from other “known” siblings are also recommended.

What is a grandparentage test? (back to top)

A grandparentage test establishes whether a child is related to an assumed grandparent or grandparents. Such tests can be used to establish a family relationship when the child’s alleged father is not available for testing.

Who needs to be tested to establish whether a child and potential grandparent are related? (back to top)

The paternal grandparent(s) and the child should provide samples. A sample from the child’s mother is also recommended.

Can sibship and grandparentage test be used to establish paternity? (back to top)

In some cases the results of these tests can be used for this purpose. For a confidential discussion of your particular case, please contact a representative at our Paternity Call Center at 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223).

Can other types of family relationships be established through DNA identity testing? (back to top)

Identity testing may be used to establish a variety of biological relationships — for example, if an aunt or uncle is related to a niece or nephew, or if two individuals are cousins. Our highly trained staff will discuss each case with you to ensure that the most appropriate “known” relatives are tested and that the best DNA technology is used, in order to provide the most conclusive result.

Can DNA testing help determine whether two people have a common ancestor? (back to top)

For tracing one’s ancestry, DNA identity testing can directly examine, confirm or refute family relationships. People who are interested in genealogy (the study or investigation of ancestry and family histories) find DNA testing useful in establishing such connections. In such cases, Peace of Mind may recommend our Y-STR or mitochondrial DNA tests, which respectively examine paternal and maternal lineage between two or more individuals. These technologies are state-of-the-art and offer conclusive results to such questions of relatedness.

Do all the parties have to submit a sample together? (back to top)

The samples for any particular case do not have to be collected in the same place at the same time. The parties can separately provide samples at the location most convenient for each individual.

What types of samples are required? (back to top)

Cheek swabs (or buccal swabs) and whole blood are the most widely used samples. The cells collected on a cheek swab are called buccal cells. These are easy and painless to collect from the inner cheek lining of the mouth, using soft, cotton-tipped applicators.

How long does it normally take to obtain test results? (back to top)

In a straightforward parentage test, the analysis will typically be completed in 5 business days from the time that Peace of Mind has received the sample. Rush testing, on a 3-day, 2-day, or 1-day basis may also available, depending on the type of analysis required. More complicated sibship cases will take longer. Please contact our Paternity Call Center at 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) for details.

Twin Studies Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Twin Study? (back to top)

A “twin study” is also known as a twin zygosity test, and is performed to conclusively answer the question of whether twins are fraternal or identical.

What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins? (back to top)

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins are formed from two eggs, fertilized separately, which can result in two siblings of the same or opposite sexes. The hair and eye color, as well as many of the other characteristics of fraternal twins, can vary widely. The fact that such genetic differences exist can be confirmed by DNA testing.

In contrast, identical (monozygotic) twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits after conception into two identical halves, each of which develops separately. Each identical twin will have exactly the same DNA, a fact that can be established through testing. Of course, identical twins are of the same sex and have the same eye and hair color, as well as blood type.

How rare is it to be an identical or fraternal twin? (back to top)

Approximately 30 out of every 1,000 births in the United States produce twins. Only one of every three sets of twins is identical.

Can twins that are born at the same time have different fathers? (back to top)

In some cases, fraternal twins can actually be half-siblings, with different fathers, even though they are born at the same time. DNA testing can help to determine whether fraternal twins have the same or different fathers.

Can DNA testing distinguish between two individuals who are identical twins? (back to top)

No, by definition they are “identical” and will have the exact same DNA profile. Thus, two individuals who are identical twins cannot be differentiated by DNA analysis.

Who needs to be tested? (back to top)

Both individuals need to provide a sample to determine twin zygosity.

What types of samples are required? (back to top)

Cheek swabs (or buccal swabs) and whole blood are the most widely used samples. The cells collected on a cheek swab are called buccal cells. These are easy and painless to collect from the inner cheek lining of the mouth, using soft cotton-tipped applicators.

Can the samples be collected at home? (back to top)

Yes, the samples can be collected at home, by following the instructions in Peace of Mind’s Ready-To-Know ® at-home test kit.

Can samples be collected from young children? (back to top)

Yes, there is no minimum age for sampling. The inside of the cheek of each person being tested is gently wiped with a soft cotton swab. Such buccal swab samples can be collected easily and painlessly, even from infants.

How accurate are the results of twin study? (back to top)

The tests can establish whether twins are fraternal or identical with an accuracy of greater than 99.99%.

How soon are test results available? (back to top)

Once the Peace of Mind’s lab has received the sample, the analysis will typically be completed in 5 business days. Rush testing, on a 3-day, 2-day, or 1-day basis may also be available, depending on the type of analysis required. Please contact our Paternity Call Center at 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) for details.

Newborn/Prenatal Testing Frequently Asked Questions

What is prenatal and newborn DNA testing? (back to top)

For prenatal DNA testing, the sample is collected from the mother before the child is born, and for newborn (or “neonatal”) DNA testing the sample is collected directly after birth.

For what reasons might prenatal or newborn DNA testing be performed? (back to top)

Prenatal or newborn testing may be performed for many of the same reasons that other types of DNA paternity or identity testing are performed:

• Giving a child the emotional support of knowing his/her father
• Helping people verify the parents of a child they want to adopt
•Helping protectchildren by having DNA samples ready in the event of an emergency
• Determining whether twins are fraternal or identical
• Helping grandparents identify their grandchildren
• Positively identifying the father of a child so child support can be collected

Is there a minimum age for obtaining a sample? (back to top)

No, there is no minimum age. DNA paternity or identity testing is safe and painless for all ages, and samples can even be collected from the mother before the child is born

Is the sampling procedure safe for newborn infants? (back to top)

Samples are collected by gently wiping the inside of the cheek with a soft cotton swab. Because almost every cell in a person’s body contains his or her unique DNA, swabbing a cheek is a safe, easy way to collect the sample – even shortly after birth.

Can I collect the sample from my baby myself? (back to top)

If the testing is being performed for personal rather than legal reasons, you can collect the sample from your baby at home by using the Peace of Mind Ready-To-Know ® test kit.

How does the prenatal screening work? (back to top)

A prenatal test can be performed, with the consent of your physician, who must collect amniotic fluid or a Chorionic Villi Sample (CVS) for analysis. A CVS is essentially a sample of the placenta that is obtained either transabdominally or transcervically at the 10th week of pregnancy. An amniotic fluid sample is collected between the 14th and 16th weeks of pregnancy. It is recommended that you speak with your physician about both procedures, as there are risks associated with each procedure. If a decision is made to perform prenatal testing, a collection kit with a chain-of-custody form and shipping instructions will be provided to your physician.

Is a doctor’s consent required for prenatal sampling? (back to top)

Yes, because a CVS or amniotic fluid sample is used for prenatal testing, a doctor must consent to obtain the sample. Please consult your physician if you have questions.

Do the parents also have to provide samples? (back to top)

That depends on the purpose for which the DNA identity testing is being performed. Generally, for testing intended to establish a relationship between a child and parent(s), a sample from the parent(s) is also required to obtain conclusive results.

Does the doctor/obstetrician need to collect samples from the parents? (back to top)

The doctor may take the buccal swab samples from the alleged father and the mother. However, if the physician prefers not to do this collection, Peace of Mind can arrange an appointment for the alleged father and the mother at one of our local collection sites or send a Private DNA Agent to a location of your choice to conduct the collection.

Is a doctor’s order required for newborn testing? (back to top)

Generally, no, a doctor’s order is not required, unless you live in New York State.

Orchid, in compliance with New York State law, requires a physician’s prescription or a court order for all paternity testing. This law applies to all DNA testing laboratories that serve the NYS area. Based on that law, we must receive the original prescription with the name of each person being tested in New York, or the court order, before we can begin the testing process in our laboratory.

We are permitted to begin sample collection, whether it is with a home kit or the legal test, before receiving the necessary paperwork. However, we will not be able to actually begin the testing process nor to send the results to any of the parties being tested without the original prescription or court order, even if the test has been paid in full.

Is an attorney’s or court order required for testing? (back to top)

Generally, no, an attorney’s or court order is not required for testing. However, if the testing is being performed for legal reasons, you may wish to consult with your attorney. For legal cases, the sample must be collected at a location where proper chain-of-custody can be maintained. Peace of Mind has over 5,000 U.S., Canadian and international locations where legal case sampling can be performed.

Immigration Testing Frequently Asked Questions

What is DNA? (back to top)

DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Acid and is the genetic material that is found in the nucleus in most cells in the human body (nuclear DNA). DNA is also found in the energy-producing mitochondria of a cell (mitochondrial DNA).

Nuclear DNA is inherited in equal portions from a person’s mother and father. Therefore, each person shares 50% of their DNA with their mother and 50% with their father. Full biological siblings also share DNA with each other. To a lesser degree, individuals also share DNA with other relatives such as aunts, uncles, cousins, etc.

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally. Therefore, every child (male or female) of a particular woman has an exact copy of his/her mother’s mitochondrial DNA.

DNA on the Y-chromosome (present in males only) is inherited paternally. Therefore, all males who share the same paternal lineage would be expected to have the same Y-DNA profile.

What is a parentage test? (back to top)

A parentage test is a scientific test. It is performed to determine if a man is the biological father of a certain child or if a woman is the biological mother of a child. If the test shows that the alleged parent is not the biological parent of the child, that parent is said to be excluded and the probability of parentage is 0.00%. If the test shows that the alleged parent cannot be excluded, a likelihood of parentage is then calculated. If this likelihood is 99% or higher, the individual is generally found to be the biological parent.

What is a relatedness test? (back to top)

A relatedness test, also known as kinship test, is used to test a biological relationship other than paternity or maternity. It may be used to test if an aunt or uncle is related to a niece or nephew. It may also be used to determine if two individuals are more likely to be full siblings or half siblings. Our highly trained staff will discuss each case with you to ensure that the most appropriate “known” relatives are tested and that the best DNA technology is used, in order to provide the most conclusive result.

What type of biological sample is collected? (back to top)

Cheek swab samples are collected from the majority of our clients, unless the Embassy specifies that a blood sample must be collected. It is important to note that the DNA in cheek cells is the same as the DNA in blood cells and therefore, the results of either test are equivalent in terms of accuracy. Cheek swabs have the added benefit of ensuring that the process is quick and painless for the client.

Where can the samples be collected? (back to top)

Peace of Mind has a network of thousands of specimen collection sites in North America plus hundreds throughout the world. The samples for any particular case do not have to be collected in the same place at the same time.Peace of Mind will schedule an appointment for the sample collection at one of our approved collection sites. These appointments are scheduled by Peace of Mind within 1 or 2 days of receiving the application for testing. The overseas appointment will be scheduled by the US Embassy or Peace of Mind as quickly as possible. You can also schedule to have a Private DNA Agent come to a location of your choice to administer the DNA test.

How will Peace of Mind ensure the identity of the parties? (back to top)

The Chain of Custody procedures used by Peace of Mind require that each party be identified through government-issued identification. Each client must also provide a signature sample, a fingerprint and a recent photo. These strict procedures will help to ensure the correct identity of all tested parties.

Will the US Government accept the results of a DNA test? (back to top)

Based on the AABB accreditation that Peace of Mind’s lab has, we are approved by the INS/DHS as a supplier for immigration testing. Peace of Mind supports the results we issue and will assist the Embassy and/or our clients with the interpretation of results, after they have been issued, if required.

How long does a DNA test take? (back to top)

Once all the samples are received by Peace of Mind the results will take 5-7 business days. A copy of the results will be sent to the Petitioner (or his/her attorney) and a copy will be sent to the US government.

How does the US Government receive results? (back to top)

The results for every DNA immigration case will be sent to Embassies by courier and to the local Service Centers by regular US mail.

How does one set up a case? (back to top)

Call one of our experiencedPaternity Call Center staff at 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) to set up a case over the phone or to receive an application by mail.

How much does a test cost? (back to top)

Our prices are very competitive and include all costs except the overseas collection costs in most cases. The actual cost of a test will vary, depending on the number of parties tested and the DNA technology used. Please call 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) for a detailed quote.

Peace of Mind is part of a leading provider of identity DNA testing services with laboratories in the U.S. and U.K. Peace of Mind provides paternity and relationship testing and DNA testing for forensic and other applications.

In addition to STR-based routine DNA testing, Peace of Mind can also provide Y-STR and mitochondrial DNA analysis to examine paternal lineage and maternal lineage in cases where the close relatives of the applicant are deceased. This is extremely useful in some immigration cases.

Peace of Mind’s laboratory is accredited by the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) which is required by the US Government (INS/DHS). This provides our clients with the assurance that the testing we perform is subjected to strict quality control measures. This in turn guarantees results of the highest quality.

Is the confidentiality of my case ensured? (back to top)

At Peace of Mind, the privacy of our clients is important to us. All details regarding a DNA case are kept in the strictest confidence (except where required by law or legal process) . Information of any kind, including reports, is never issued without proper authorization.

Paternity Testing Frequently Asked Questions

Why DNA analysis? (back to top)

DNA is the most powerful identity test currently available for paternity testing.

What is a paternity or parentage test? (back to top)

It is a genetic (DNA) test, performed to determine if a man is the biological father of a certain child. If the test shows that the alleged father is not the biological father of the child, he is said to be excluded. If the test shows that the alleged father cannot be excluded, he is said to be included and a likelihood of paternity is then calculated. If this likelihood is 99% or higher, then the man is determined to be the legal father.

Are the test accurate? (back to top)

Extremely accurate. We test to a probability of 99% or higher, and to a probability of 100% in the case of exclusions.

How do the test actually work? (back to top)

The parentage testing methodology used by Peace of Mind’s lab is among the most powerful in the industry. Our test examines a number of regions in different chromosomes, which are known to differ among individuals. By comparing the DNA profile of a child to its biological mother, the genetic markers which had to come from the biological father can be determined. When the alleged father does not contain these genetic factors, then he is excluded.

When the alleged father does contain all the required genetic markers, he is consistent with being the biological father. A paternity index (PI) is calculated for each genetic marker as the probability that the alleged father contributed that marker, divided by the chance that a random man contributed the genetic marker to the child. A combined PI is calculated by multiplying together all the individual genetic marker paternity indices.

The combined PI is then used to calculate the probability that the conclusion of parentage is correct. The larger the combined PI, the more certain that the alleged father is the biological father. The combined PI of non-excluded fathers is typically greater than 99.99%.

Who needs to be tested? (back to top)

The Mother, the Child and the Alleged Father. However, accurate testing can be performed with specimens from the Child and the Alleged Father only.

What if there is no sample from the mother? (back to top)

Paternity can still be accurately determined without the mother’s DNA. However, we must do more tests in this case to ensure the same level of confidence in the results.

Can testing be performed if one of the parties resides in another city or state? (back to top)

Yes. The samples required for testing can be submitted from different collection centers or home locations.

Do all the parties have to submit a sample together? (back to top)

No, they can be scheduled at different times in different locales. Peace of Mind’s network of Collection Centers is among the most extensive in North America, making it very convenient for all parties to submit samples. Most people are located less than 30 minutes drive from any of our authorized Collection Centers.

What types of samples are required? (back to top)

Tissue such as buccal cells and whole blood are the most widely used samples. Buccal cells are easy and painless to collect from the inner cheek lining of the mouth using soft buccal swabs.

What are buccal swabs and are they as accurate as blood samples? (back to top)

Buccal swabs collect cells from the inner cheek, a much more convenient method of sample collection than drawing blood. Otherwise, the test procedure and accuracy is the same for both methods.

What about eating food or drinking alcohol before the test? (back to top)

Neither food nor alcohol consumption will affect the test except possibly the buccal swab collection. Since food residue left in the mouth may contaminate the swab with mold, the collection technician will ask you to rinse out your mouth if it is not clean enough.

Can age or drug consumption affect the results? (back to top)

No. DNA is not affected by age or drug consumption.

Can DNA be changed? (back to top)

Yes and no. DNA from tissue cells could only be changed in rare circumstances, as may be the case following a bone marrow transplant. Drugs, alcohol, or diet will not affect the test.

Can an accurate test be performed if the alleged father is deceased? (back to top)

Yes. A DNA sample can be taken postmortem.

Can samples be taken from a recently deceased individual? (back to top)

Yes, certain kinds of samples can be used in this case (contact 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) to find out which). Where the deceased is the alleged father and his cadaver is unavailable for sampling, paternity testing may be completed using samples from the mother, child and paternal grandparents or other known relatives of the deceased.

How soon are the results available? (back to top)

Once the Peace of Mind’s lab has received the sample, the analysis will be completed in 5 business days. Rush testing, on a 3-day, 2-day, or 1-day basis is also available. Please contact our Paternity Call Center at 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) for details.

How soon can I get an appointment? (back to top)

Appointments for legal case tests can be scheduled by calling 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223).

What is the minimum age of the child to be tested? (back to top)

There is no minimum age. Prenatal or neonatal testing is available.

Do I have to have a doctor’s order? (back to top)

Generally, no, a doctor’s order is not required.

Do I need an attorney and/ or court order? (back to top)

Generally, no, if all parties involved in the testing agree to participate voluntarily. If an agency is involved, the agency will schedule the testing and will provide the required order and instructions.

Can DNA testing differentiate related individuals? (back to top)

Yes. The laboratory must be made aware of the relationship before testing begins.

Can the testing differentiate identical twins? (back to top)

No, by definition they are “identical”. Testing can differentiate fraternal twins and related individuals.

Must all samples be collected at the same time? (back to top)

No, samples can be collected at different times and in different locations, if necessary.

Are results confidential and is chain of custody maintained? (back to top)

Yes, results are always confidential (except where required by law or legal process) . A chain of custody is maintained for legal case tests; at-home tests do not require or use a chain of custody.

What are the odds that sample switching in the laboratory can occur? (back to top)

None. Upon arrival at Peace of Mind’s laboratory, all samples receive an electronically-generated bar code the moment they are accessioned (received). The bar code is a unique identifier for each sample, which is also applied to the tubes and other elements used during processing, to prevent errors in hand-labeling. Each time a sample is analyzed, the data is electronically transferred in our tracking system–this prevents mistakes which can occur due to human error from transferring handwritten data.

To ensure accurate results, we have a double testing requirement; that is, each case result is confirmed by repeat testing of the alleged father from the original sample received. This identifies any potential issues immediately. Additionally, we designed a system whereby the person whose sample is being collected must initial each package containing their sample to prove they saw their sample being labeled properly by the DNA agent. These safeguards were implemented to prevent any chance of sample switching.

How do I read the Paternity Test Results? (back to top)

The systems tested are listed on the left side of the report. The different systems and their results are separated by the shaded and white lines, to make it easier to tell which results go with which systems. The collection of letters and numbers under the column headed “System” refer to the names and locations of the DNA sites, probes, or genes tested. These names and numbers would be

recognized by other laboratories that do this same type of testing. These systems all have corresponding databases that are used in the paternity calculations.

The results for the systems tested are found under the headings “Mother”, “Child”, and “Alleged Father”. For each system, each person will have one or two (or rarely, three) numbers. These numbers refer to the sizes of the pieces of DNA we have measured. Reading across the shaded and white lines, one of the mother’s numbers will match one of the child’s numbers; the child’s other number will have to come from the child’s biological father. (If the mother has only one number, the child will also have that number. If the child has only one number, then he or she inherited that number from both the mother and the biological father.)

If the alleged father has a number that matches the number that came from the child’s biological father, then we say that the man is included as a possible father by that system. If the alleged father’s numbers do not match the child’s, then we say that he is excluded from paternity by that system. If an alleged father has a number that matches the number provided by the child’s biological father, the right-hand column of the Paternity Lab Conclusion, “Paternity Index”, will show a number for that system (example: 4.22). This is a value calculated from our databases that indicates how many times more likely it is for a man with the alleged father’s genetic results (the numbers listed, or DNA sizes) to be able to donate that particular shared genetic marker to the child, as compared to an unrelated man of the alleged father’s racial background. If the man is excluded by the system (his numbers do not match the child’s), then the Paternity Index will be 0, meaning that he cannot be the child’s father, based on that system’s results.

Each system tested is independent of the others. A man could be included by some systems and excluded by others. If a man is excluded by three or more systems, the report will read, in the lower shaded area, “Paternity Excluded”. This means that the alleged father cannot be the child’s real father. All of the Paternity Indices are multiplied together to get the Combined Paternity Index. If any of the individual systems has a Paternity Index of 0, then the Combined Paternity Index will also be 0. If the man is included by all of the systems tested, then the Paternity Indices multiplied together will give a number of 100 or greater for the Combined Paternity Index in the lower shaded area. The Probability of Paternity will be

99.99% or higher. This value is the probability that a conclusion of paternity, based on the test results, is correct. The highest probability we can report is 99.99%. No test can say with 100% certainty that a man is the father of a particular child. The most we can say is that a man is extremely likely to be the father, based on the test results. One reason for this is that the lab has no knowledge of the social evidence in the case, such as whether intercourse took place during the period of conception. All the lab can say is that based on the DNA results, the man’s genetic markers either are or are not compatible with being the biological father of the child. Further, the lab can make a statistical estimate of how much more likely it is that a man with the alleged father’s genetic makeup is the biological father of the child than that some other individual is actually the father.

Beneath the lower shaded area is the “Conclusions” statement. This will say that either a) the alleged father cannot be excluded as the biological father, meaning that according to the test results, he has DNA pieces that match all of the DNA pieces that the child’s biological father has to have, or else b) that the alleged father cannot be the biological father of the child, because he does not have the necessary DNA results in the systems listed.

Our laboratory has many quality control steps built into our procedures to ensure that errors in testing and sample handling do not occur. Our people are highly skilled in their jobs, and are dedicated to providing the highest quality testing service available. We understand that what we do has a profound impact on the lives of real people. We hope this explanation of paternity testing and how to read our reports will help make a complicated, sometimes confusing situation a little clearer.

Estate Settlement Frequently Asked Questions

How can DNA identity assist in estate settlement? (back to top)

DNA Identity Testing can be extremely useful in helping to settle estates and resolve probate disputes. For example:

When you suspect that you are related to an individual for whom an estate is being settled, DNA testingmay be able tovalidate your claim.

To protect your estate from false claims by supposed relatives, your DNA can be preserved for future testing. Many estate executors have successfully eliminated impostors and validated legitimate heirs through DNA testing.

Who needs to be tested? (back to top)

The people who need to be tested and the type of testing performed will vary, depending on your relationship to the person whose estate is being settled, and on the other individuals available for testing.

Can an accurate determination of family relationship be made if the individual whose estate is being settled is deceased? (back to top)

There is a high likelihood that genetic testing will be able to establish whether you are a child of a deceased individual, or a sibling of his or her other living children.

Can samples be taken from a recently deceased individual? (back to top)

The best types of samples from a recently deceased individual are cheek swabs, ear swabs, pulled hair and vitreous humor taken from the deceased either at the funeral home or by the coroner.

Can other samples be used if the deceased is already interred or cremated? (back to top)

Yes, it is possible to test pathology samples or autopsy samples that may have been taken from the deceased prior to his death. Alternatively, there may be personal possessions such as toothbrushes, razors, favorite hats, smoking pipes, etc. which may contain a DNA sample from the deceased. Finally, it is possible to work with samples from “known” living relatives such as siblings, parents or children, in lieu of a sample from the deceased. Please contact 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) to discuss these possibilities in detail.

Can I preserve a DNA sample in the event it is needed to settle my estate in the future? (back to top)

Peace of Mind’s DNA Sampling Kit helps you collect and store samples containing DNA so they can be used if they are ever needed for estate settlement or other purposes. For added security, the DNA Identification and Preservation Program enables you to send a sample to our laboratory. There Peace of Mind’s DNA scientists will verify that the sample contains enough DNA for future testing and will place the extracted DNA on a special card that you can store for future purposes.

Are the preserved samples admissible in court? (back to top)

The preserved samples are not themselves admissible in court, but they can be used to conduct tests needed to answer questions requiring DNA identification, such as estate settlement.

Is a court order required for DNA identity testing in estate settlement cases? (back to top)

That depends on the individual case and should be discussed with the executor or your attorney.

Must all of the samples be collected at the same time? (back to top)

The samples for any particular case do not have to be collected in the same place at the same time. The parties can separately provide samples at the location most convenient for each individual. Peace of Mind has over 5,000 collection centers in its network, located across North America and around the world.

How soon are the results available? (back to top)

Once the Peace of Mind’s lab has received the sample, the analysis will typically be completed in 5 business days. Rush testing, on a 3-day, 2-day, or 1-day basis may also available, depending on the type of analysis required. Please contact our Paternity Call Center at 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) for details.

DNA Identification & Preservation Frequently Asked Questions

What is the DNA Identification and Preservation Program? (back to top)

This is Peace of Mind’s complete program for collecting, evaluating, and creating a viable, preserved sample of someone’s DNA.

What is the DNA Identification and Preservation Kit? (back to top)

The Kit is your first step in the program and provides for the collection and storage of a simple cheek swab containing your DNA. Some people will be satisfied taking the process just this far. Others will opt to send their sample to our laboratory where Peace of Mind’s DNA scientists will evaluate whether the sample contains viable DNA and, if it does, preserve the sample so it is protected should it ever need to be tested. The preserved sample is actually split between 2 cards that are both returned to you. You will also receive a profile of your unique DNA pattern.

What is a preserved DNA sample? (back to top)

Peace of Mind’s laboratory takes the swab submitted and verifies the presence of DNA, extracts the DNA and places the extracted DNA on a special card that you can store for future purposes.

Why would I want a preserved sample of my DNA? (back to top)

There are a number of reasons people are seeking to capture and preserve DNA samples. For example:

If a paternity, health or inheritance issues arise after someone dies and the body is no longer available, the preserved sample may provide the critical information needed to resolve those issues.

In the event of a tragedy such as a missing persons case, having documentation of a child or spouse’s genetic identity on hand can greatly assist law enforcement investigation, speed resolution and, by so doing, perhaps even prevent the documented person from becoming harmed.

In light of recent national events such as the World Trade Center disaster, genetic documentation for contingency purposes is increasing.

How quickly can I get the results or preserved sample? (back to top)

Typically test results are available within five to seven business days after receipt of the samples. We offer a premium service to provide test results in less than five business days – please contact us for options and pricing.

What’s viable DNA? (back to top)

A sample that contains enough DNA to be used for multiple testing is said to be viable DNA. Many companies provide ways to store samples, but only Peace of Mind’s DNA Identification and Preservation Program provides a guarantee that the preserved sample contains viable DNA.

What happens to the DNA sample – does Peace of Mind store the samples or use them for other purposes? (back to top)

Peace of Mind does not retain any samples or portions of samples in this program. For the privacy and protection of the peoplewho send us DNA in this program, ALL DNA sample materials not returned as preserved samples to the sender are destroyed. They are never used for any purpose other than to create a preserved sample that is returned to the person requesting the preserved sample.

Can I send in samples of someone I’m not related to? (back to top)

You will need the signed authorization of the person being tested if it is not you or a child for whom you have legal custody. The consent and authorization forms are included in the Sampling Kit.

Are the preserved samples admissible in court? (back to top)

The preserved samples are not themselves admissible in court, but they can be used to conduct tests needed to answer questions requiring DNA identification, such as paternity.

Do you keep the samples on file in case I need them? (back to top)

No. To ensure the protection of privacy, we do not store the preserved samples.

How should I store the preserved sample? (back to top)

Keep the preserved samples in a safe place that you will have quick and easy access to in the event they are needed. Samples should be protected from direct sunlight and stored at room temperature where temperatures do not go above 75º F or below 40º F.

How should I store the samples I collect with the kit? (back to top)

The samples that you don’t send in for preservation can be stored the same way you would store the preserved samples (see above question and answer).

What happens if I lose the preserved samples? (back to top)

You can call Peace of Mind or visit us on the Web and order a new Sampling Kit. Because we do not retain samples of the tested DNA, we have no way of replacing samples that you may misplace.

Can I make copies of the DNA profile I receive with the preserved samples? (back to top)

The DNA profile is an ink and paper document that can be photocopied, scanned, or otherwise reproduced as you wish, as many times as you wish.

How are the preserved samples returned to me? (back to top)

Approximately 10 days after the samples are received by our lab, the preserved DNA samples will be returned to you by regular mail along with the DNA profile. Other shipping methods are available; please contact us via the Web or by phone to inquire about options.

I don’t want to scare my children, how do I get a sample without causing them undue stress? (back to top)

If you want to involve them in the process, you can also swab your own cheek and show them how painless that is. If they ask why you are doing this, you can show them what their DNA pattern may look like and say it is a fun way to see how alike and different your family members are from a DNA point of view. Or, you can contact us at 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) about other sample options, such as hair or a toothbrush.

Are the preserved samples fire-resistant? (back to top)

No, so they should be stored in a heat-resistant, fire-proof container.

How soon after I send in my samples will I know if they contain viable DNA? (back to top)

You will receive your preserved samples back within 10 days. If our scientists determine there was not enough DNA in the sample to create the preserved samples, you will be notified within 1 week.

Where can I have my samples collected for a legally admissible test? (back to top)

There are over 5,000 sample collection sites for the legally admissible Peace of Mind DNA Identification and Preservation Program. Please call 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) for details.

Where can I order kits? (back to top)

You can call 1-866-51-PEACE (866-517-3223) and order the Sampling Kit from us directly (the kit contains the forms and information you will need to obtain the preserved samples and graphic representation of the DNA), or find out about the 5,000 testing centers where you can be scheduled for a “chain of custody” collection.